Heritage Spectator

葡萄牙从15世纪和16世纪开始进行殖民扩张，建立了包括南美的巴西、亚洲的澳门在内的殖民地，葡萄牙语也成为这些地区最常用的第二语言。成立葡语国家共同体的建议最早由巴西总统佛朗哥于1989年提出，并于1996年7月17日正式在里斯本成立，葡语共同体汇集了因殖民历史而共同使用葡语的国家，它包括葡萄牙和五个非洲国家——安哥拉、佛得角、几内亚比绍、莫桑比克、圣罗多美和普林西比，美洲的巴西以及亚洲的东帝汶等。作为中国-葡萄牙文化遗产保护科学“一带一路”联合实验研究课题的重要组成部分，第一期专栏将重点介绍葡萄牙、巴西和中国澳门三个葡语国家（地区）的文化遗产保护最新进展。

葡萄牙的遗产保护

在葡萄牙，通常用“维护”（maintenance）来指代建筑保护，在广义上，“维护”通常指“为保持建筑物整体或其各组成部分处于良好状态而进行的一系列预防性操作”，1从这个意义上讲，维护可以被分为不同的类型：预防性或预测性维护（检查和预防措施）、条件维护（症状后措施）和治疗性或纠正性维护（损伤后措施）。²葡萄牙的保护周期通常分为三个阶段：“调查信息”阶段（研究、收集信息、数据库、特征描述、诊断），“安排计划”阶段（编制手册、安排检查和维修）和“实施”维护活动阶段。

米尼奥大学（University of Minho）的Luís F. Ramos等人在《历史文化遗产的监测和预防性保护：遗产关怀项目》（Monitoring and Preventive conservation of the historical and cultural heritage :the Heritage Care Project）中介绍了“Heritage Care”，³这是一个由欧盟Interreg Sudoe基金支持的“历史和文化遗产的监测和预防性保护”项目。项目通过建立非营利性组织，在葡萄牙、西班牙和法国南部等地提高遗产所有者对预防性保护的认识。除了一些常规手段之外，Heritage Care还会采用定期检查、摄影测量模型、基于地理信息技术的3D测量和遗产BIM等一系列保护技术。这些策略能够在建筑保护领域，将有规划的专业保护活动和遗产所有者的自主保护结合起来。

葡萄牙波尔图杜波尔图大学建筑与城市中心的Teresa Cunha Ferreira教授在《预防和维护概念和应用:以葡萄牙北部的罗马风线路遗产为例》（Prevenção e Manutenção. Conceitos e aplicações. Estudo de caso: a Rota do Românico no Norte de Portugal）中介绍了关于葡萄牙北部的罗马风线路遗产的保护⁴：葡萄牙北部的罗马风线路遗产（Romanesque Route）串联从苏萨谷到拜克索-塔米加地区的12个市镇的58座建筑遗产，遗产总面积共计764平方公里，其中包括一系列不同类型的建筑，如修道院、教堂、桥梁、塔楼、纪念碑和城堡。自2003年以来，大部分的建筑物获得了修复。修复工作能够取得良好的成果，主要依赖于这些措施和手段：事先对建筑物进行深入的文献和材料调查；无损检测（NDT）支持的保护状态诊断；使用兼容材料和技术的干预措施，并提供被动通风系统；预防性养护、监测和修复干预后的定期维护，通过维护计划进行操作等。

巴西的遗产保护

巴西人口超过2.05 亿，是世界上最大的葡语国家，也是南美洲唯一的葡语国家。戈亚斯州天主教大学（Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás）的Ciro Augusto de Oliveira e Silva在《重振圣帕特里米诺·阿奎特·尼科和戈伊尼亚城市文化中心》（Revitalização E Preservação Do Patrimônio Arquitetônico E Urbanístico Do Centro De Goiânia）⁵一文中，概括了巴西遗产保护发展过程中的城市管理政策，以及遗产城市的旧城中心复兴计划。巴西的遗产保护开始于20世纪上半叶，经历了两个阶段，在第一阶段，最初保存的建筑是巴洛克风格建筑，主要是教堂，随后是一些新古典主义建筑和现代建筑；在第二阶段，从1960年代和1970年代开始，巴西开始成立全国性的遗产保护委员会，扩大了建筑遗产的范围：物质和非物质文化遗产也开始受到重视。

戈亚斯州天主教大学的Manuel Ferreira Lima Filho和 Márcia Bezerra编辑的《巴西的遗产之路》（Os Caminhos do Patrimônio no Brasil）一书⁶对巴西的遗产保护政策的发展进行了详细介绍，书中将巴西的官方文化遗产政策划分为两个阶段：在第一阶段中，巴西在1937年成立了国家古迹保护机构，开始实施保护和修复建筑遗产的政策，但这些政策主要针对历史城市保护和档案修复。在第二个阶段，巴西知名艺术家阿洛伊西奥·马加良斯（Aloisio De Magalhaes）扩大了文化遗产的公共政策，在文化遗产中引入了文化财产的概念，这标志着巴西的遗产保护开始更加关注文化的多样性，而不仅仅只停留在物质遗产上。同时，Filho也在《作为对象的城市:“遗产的共鸣”》（A Cidade como Objeto: Ressonâncias Patrimoniais）⁷中对巴西现行的文物保护政策表示支持，他认为该政策具有创新性，力求将遗产保护与经济和社会发展相结合。该政策的目标是:保护历史、艺术和城市遗产，提高公众对遗产重要性的认识，鼓励在项目范围内对遗产进行经济、文化和社会再利用，以及拯救和永久保存巴西的主要城市遗产。

中国澳门的遗产保护

葡萄牙语最初是在 1537 年葡萄牙商人在澳门建立永久定居点时被引入澳门的。殖民时代结束后，中国对特别行政区实行一国两制的政策，因此，葡萄牙语和粤语、普通话一起被保留为澳门的官方语言。澳门旅游研究所的Penny Yim King Wan在《澳门文物保护规划》（Planning For Heritage Conservation In Macau）⁸中介绍了葡萄牙殖民对澳门带来的影响并且指出当今澳门在遗产保护上需要面对的问题，他认为葡萄牙人在澳门的定居地，自殖民时代开始便对澳门的经济和社会文化发展起到了重要作用，也为东西方的贸易和文化交流奠定了基础。几个世纪以来，澳门都是中国和西方文化的交汇之地，并以此产生了独特的文化遗产。但是到了当代，人口和旅游业的快速增长给城市发展带来了巨大的压力。今天的澳门面临的挑战，是如何将历史遗产与新时代结合起来，以其独特的文化遗产应对未来城市的发展压力。

郑梁、陈怡乐在《澳门文化遗产建筑的保护过程及措施》（The Protection Process and Measures of Macau’s Heritage Buildings）⁹一文中梳理了澳门遗产建筑的保护过程和常见措施。通过对澳门22栋文物建筑和8个广场，以及一些具有文化意义的历史建筑，如叶挺将军故居、前创西药房、帕坦守夜屋等的保护和复兴调查，文章探讨了保护和活化的具体措施，譬如仅保留建筑的外围护结构，并重新设计和建造内部空间以满足公众的现代生活需求，通过维护建筑的立面、结构和内部布局，重新规划建筑的使用功能， 同时完全保留建筑物的立面和内部结构等做法。无论是原封不动的修复还是新旧结合，修复工作都必须在平衡遗产建筑的艺术价值、历史价值、文化价值、经济成本和公民需求的基础上进行。

Keng Kio Mok的《走向全球视野:通过世界遗产推动遗产发展》（Walk To Global Vision: Driving Heritage Development By World Heritage Award）¹⁰从另一种视角来看待澳门的文化遗产保护，他思考了赌场发展对澳门城市文化景观的巨大威胁。同时，他还讨论了澳门政府在申遗过程中于管理实践、遗产保护和澳门历史古迹的新诠释方面做出的努力。“澳门历史中心”申遗成果，进一步推动了澳门的遗产发展。澳门成功运用全球视野推动遗产发展，为世界其他遗产保护项目提供了启示。

Review on the Latest Heritage Conservation Research of the Portuguese Language Regions

transeditted by CHEN Xi, HUANG Mei

Portugal’s history of colonial expansion can be traced back to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, establishing colonies like nowadays Brazil in South America, and Macau in East Asia. Portuguese thus became the second most commonly-used language in these regions. The idea to establish a Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) was first proposed by Brazilian President Franco in 1989. On July 17, 1996, the idea was realized in Lisbon. The CPLP recognizes Portuguese-speaking countries for their colonial history. It includes Portugal and five African countries — Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, Brazil in South America, and Timor-Leste in Asia. As the essential subjects of the China-Portugal Joint Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation Science, this issue would introduce the latest development of cultural heritage conservation research in Portugal, Brazil, and China’s Macau.

Heritage Conservation in Portugal

In Portugal, the term “maintenance” is commonly used for architectural protection. It is broadly referring to the “set of preventive operations carried out in order to keep a building as a whole or each of its constituent parts in a good state.“^[1] In this sense, one can identify different types of maintenance: preventive or predictive maintenance (inspection and preventive actions), conditioned maintenance (post-symptomatic actions), and curative or corrective maintenance (post-damage actions). ^[2] Hence, the productive cycle of maintenance is generally divided into three phases: “Information” (research, gathering information, databases, characterization, diagnosis), “Programming” (developing manuals, scheduling inspections and repairs) and “Implementation” of maintenance activities that can range from cleaning to visual inspection, monitoring, minor repairs or replacement activities, and instructions for use.

A recent example in the Portuguese context is “Heritage Care,” ^[3]an Interreg Sudoe project on “Monitoring and Preventive Conservation of the Historical and Cultural Heritage”, whose main aim is to raise the awareness of owners about the importance of preventive conservation, through the creation of a non-profit entity that will implement these kinds of practices in Portugal, Spain and the South of France. Among other activities, the Heritage Care system will include a series of periodical inspections, photogrammetric models, 3D surveys using geomatics, and Heritage BIM. These strategies are designed to combine planned conservation activities with the empowerment of users in the preservation of the built heritage.

Professor Teresa Cunha Ferreira, Center for Architecture and Urban Arquette, University of Porto du Porto, Portugal, in “Prevenção e Manutenção. Conceitos e aplicações. Estudo de caso: a Rota do Românico no Norte de Portugal” introduces the preservation of Romanesque Route in northern Portugal. ^[4]The Romanesque Route covers 12 municipalities of the Vale do Sousa and Baixo Tâmega regions, comprising 58 monuments over an area of 764 kilometer squares of different types, such as monasteries, churches, bridges, towers, memorials, and a castle. Since 2003, a considerable number of buildings have been rehabilitated. Notable practices to restore the monuments includes in-depth pre-investigation, research and material analysis of the buildings, diagnosis of the conservation status supported by non-destructive testing (NDT), interventions using compatible materials and techniques, providing for the introduction of passive ventilation systems, preventive conservation, monitoring, and scheduled maintenance after rehabilitation interventions, operated through the Maintenance Plan.

Heritage Conservation in Brazil

With a population of more than 205 million, Brazil is the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world, and also the only one in South America. In his article “Revitalização e Preservação do Patrimônio Arquitetônico e Urbanístico do Centro de Goiânia,”^[5] Ciro Augusto de Oliveira e Silva outlines the urban intervention policies related to the development process of heritage conservation in Brazil, as well as the revitalization plan of the old city center of the heritage city. He pointed out that the preservation of Brazilian heritage began in the first half of the 20th century, and went through two stages. In the first stage, the preservation of buildings was initially in Baroque style, namely churches, followed by some neoclassical and modern buildings. In the second stage, starting from the 1960s and 1970s, national heritage protection committees were established, and the scope of architectural heritage was expanded. Both material and intangible cultural heritage began to receive attention.

The edited volume, Os Caminhos do Patrimonio No Brasil, edited by Manuel Ferreira Lima Filho and Márcia Bezerra,^[6] mapped the development of heritage protection policies in Brazil.  In this volume, Brazil’s formal cultural heritage policy into two stages; during the first stage, the State Agency for the Preservation of Cultural Relics was established in 1937, adopting a policy for the preservation and restoration of architectural heritage. This policy, however, mainly focused on the preservation of historical cities and the restoration of archives. In the second stage, the renowned Brazilian artist, Aloisio de Magalhaes expanded the public policy of cultural heritage, introducing the concept of cultural property. This signaled that heritage preservation in Brazil was paying more attention to cultural diversity rather than just the material. In “A Cidade como Objeto: Ressonâncias Patrimoniais,”^[7]  Filho endorsed Brazil’s current cultural heritage protection policy as innovative, seeking to integrate heritage protection with economic and social development. The objectives of the policy are to protect historical, artistic, and urban heritage, to raise public awareness of the importance of heritage, to encourage the economic, cultural, and social reuse of heritage within the context of projects, and to save and perpetuate the major urban heritage of Brazil.

Heritage Conservation in China’s Macau

Portuguese was first introduced to Macau in 1537, when Portuguese merchants established a permanent settlement there. Contemporary Macau retains Portuguese as an official language along with Cantonese, as the result of China’s “one state, two systems” policy. Penny Yim King Wan, Director of the Macau Tourism Research Institute, in his publication, “Planning for Heritage Conservation In Macau,” ^[8] introduced the impact of Portuguese colonization in the city, and pointed out challenges of the current heritage conservation in Macau. He believed that the Portuguese settlement in Macau, although being the product of colonial history, was essential to the city’s contemporary economic and socio-cultural development. In the past, it laid the basis for trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West. The settlement was exposed to Chinese and Western cultures for centuries, producing a unique cultural heritage, recognized as one of the Historical Centers of Macau. The challenge for Macau today is how to blend in the old with the new by managing and conserving these distinct cultures and heritages in coping with future urban development pressures.

In “The Protection Process and Measures of Macau’s Heritage Buildings,” Liang Zheng and Yile Chen sorted out the routine protection process and common procedures adopted to Macau’s heritage buildings.^[9] Through examining the protection and revitalization of twenty-two cultural heritage buildings and eight squares in Macau, as well as some historical buildings with cultural significance, such as General Ye Ting’s Former Residence, Former Chong Sai Pharmacy, and the Patane Night Watch House, etc., the paper discusses specific measures to protect and revitalize heritage buildings. One example shows how to adopt heritage buildings for modern needs by retaining the outer envelope of the building and redesigning the interior. The building’s facade was maintained, and as well as the structure and interior layout. The function of the building, however, was re-plan, while completely preserving the facade and internal structure of the building. Whether it is to repair the old as it is, or to combine the new with the old, the intervention must recognize the building’s aesthetic, historical, cultural, and economic value, while at the same time addressing the citizens’ needs.

Keng Kio Mok, in his article, “Walk to Global Vision: Driving Heritage Development by World Heritage Award: Macau-a Colony with East West Culture ”,^[10] investigated Macau’s cultural heritage protection from another perspective. He evaluated the huge threat posed to Macau’s urban cultural landscape by the prosperous Casino industry. Meanwhile, he recognized the city’s government’s efforts in heritage management, protection, and historical narrative making during its application to the World Heritage status. As the result, the city is listed as the “Macau Historical Center” in the World Heritage List, further prompting the preservation of Macau’s heritage. Macau’s heritage protection is directed by an inspiring global vision, providing a notable example to the rest of the world’s heritage preservation project.

参考文献丨References

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Mok, Keng Kio. “Walk to Global Vision: Driving Heritage Development by World Heritage Award: Macau-a Colony with East West Culture,” 2012.

Oliveira, Luciane Monteiro. “Os Caminhos Do Patrimônio No Brasil. LIMA FILHO, Manuel Ferreira e BEZERRA, Márcia (Orgs.) Goiânia, Editora Alternativa, 2006.” Revista de Arqueologia 9, no. 1 (1996).

Paiva, José Vasconcelos, José Aguiar, and Ana Pinho. “Guia Técnico de Reabilitação Habitacional.” Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil e Instituto Nacional Da Habitação, Lisboa, 2006.

Ramos, Luís, Maria Morais, Miguel Azenha, Giovanna Masciotta, Teresa Cunha Ferreira, Eduardo Pereira, and Paulo Lourenço. “Monitoring and Preventive Conservation of the Historical and Cultural Heritage: The HeritageCare Project,” 2017.

SILVA, Ciro Augusto. “Revitalização e Preservação Do Patrimônio Arquitetônico e Urbanístico Do Centro de Goiânia, Goiânia, 2006.” Dissertação (Mestrado profissional em gestão do patrimônio cultural）, 2006.

Wan, Yim King Penny, Francisco Vizeu Pinheiro, and Miki Korenaga. “Planning for Heritage Conservation in Macao.” Planning and Development 22, no. 1 (2007): 17–26.

Zheng, Liang, and Yile Chen. “The Protection Process and Measures of Macau’s Heritage Buildings.” In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 783:012120. IOP Publishing, 2021.