Heritage Spectator

联合实验室中英双语双月刊《遗产研究国际动态》（内刊）2023年第六期（总第十二期）已发布，全刊内容可在此下载

JLBRI国家“一带一路“联合实验室《遗产研究国际动态》总第十二期The Heritage Spectator No.12.pdf

批判性遗产研究

近年来，人们对“批判遗产研究”（CHS）的兴趣显著增长——它与“遗产研究”的区别在于它强调文化遗产作为一种政治、文化和社会现象。批判性遗产研究不仅提出了系统的理论与方法，还形成了以批判性遗产研究学会（ACHS）为代表的国际化学术组织。批判遗产研究的领军人物劳拉简·史密斯在其标志性著作《遗产利用》以及相关论著中中阐述了批判性遗产研究核心概念与理论。

场所、遗址、物体以及地方都能够作为可识别的遗产地而存在。我们可以例举诸如巨石阵、悉尼歌剧院、殖民时期的威廉斯堡、罗马竞技场、吴哥窟、罗本岛等等。但这些地方本身并没有价值，也没有承载与生俱来的意义。例如，巨石阵基本上就是田野里岩石的集合。那么什么让这些东西变得有价值和有意义，什么让它们成为“遗产”，或者什么让田里的岩石成为“巨石阵”，是在它们周围进行的当代文化过程和活动使之成为其中的一部分。正是这些过程将它们识别为特定文化和社会事件的物质象征，从而赋予它们价值和意义。

西方传统对“遗产”的解释往往强调遗产的物质基础，并赋予这些东西固有的文化价值或意义。此外，赋予这些价值的庄严感往往与一个地方的年代、纪念碑性抑或美学价值直接相关。西方遗产观念的物质性意味着“遗产”可以被绘制、研究、管理、保存或保护，有关它的保护可能是国家立法和国际协议、公约和宪章的主题。然而，遗产之所以是遗产，是因为它受到管理和保存或保护过程的影响，而不是因为它“是”遗产。这个过程不只是“找寻”需要管理和保护的遗址和场所。保护本身是一个构成性的文化进程，将那些被赋予意义和价值的事物和地点定为“遗产”，反映当代文化和社会价值、争论和愿景。

Critical Heritage Studies

In recent years an interest in critical heritage studies (CHS) has grown significantly – its differentiation from “heritage studies” rests on its emphasis of cultural heritage as a political, cultural, and social phenomenon. Critical Heritage Studies has not only developed a systematic theory and methodology, but also an international academic organization represented by the Association of Critical Heritage Studies. Laura Jane Smith, a leading figure in Critical Inheritance Studies, articulated the core concepts and theories of Critical Inheritance Studies in her landmark book, For Inheritance's Sake, as well as in related treatises.

Places, sites, objects and localities may exist as identifiable sites of heritage. We may, for instance, be able to point to such things as Stonehenge, the Sydney Opera House, Colonial Williamsburg, the Roman Coliseum, Angkor Watt, Robben Island, and so forth. These places are not inherently valuable, nor do they carry a freight of innate meaning. Stonehenge, for instance, is basically a collection of rocks in a field. What makes these things valuable and meaningful – what makes them “heritage”, or what makes the collection of rocks in a field “Stonehenge” – are the present-day cultural processes and activities that are undertaken at and around them, and of which they become a part. It is these processes that identify them as physically symbolic of particular cultural and social events, and thus give them value and meaning.

The traditional western account of “heritage” tends to emphasize the material basis of heritage, and attributes an inherent cultural value or significance to these things. Furthermore, the sense of gravitas given to these values is also often directly linked to the age, monumentality and/or aesthetics of a place. The physicality of the Western idea of heritage means that “heritage” can be mapped, studied, managed, preserved and/or conserved, and its protection may be the subject of national legislation and international agreements, conventions and charters. However, heritage is heritage because it is subjected to the management and preservation/conservation process, not because it simply “is”. This process does not just “find” sites and places to manage and protect. It is itself a constitutive cultural process that identifies those things and places that can be given meaning and value as “heritage”, reflecting contemporary cultural and social values, debates and aspirations.

资料来源：

Smith L. Uses of Heritage[M]. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.

Gentry K, Smith L. “Critical Heritage Studies and the Legacies of the Late-Twentieth Century Heritage Canon”[J]. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2019, 25(11).

实践案例

阿瑟·阿什、内战和纪念碑大道的种族化景观

作为美利坚联盟国的前首都，里士满（图1）的景观拥有南方大城市中最密集的南方邦联纪念碑，从六十英尺高的罗伯特·李纪念碑到以他的马命名的市中心街道。然而，在所有向南方邦联致敬的纪念物中，最宏伟的是这座城市的纪念碑大道（图2），沿途矗立着建于十九世纪末和二十世纪初的南方邦联英雄的雕像。一个世纪后，国家公园管理局的一份出版物宣称纪念碑大道是“南方最宏伟的纪念区，专门纪念‘失败事业’的英雄”。

里士满关于在纪念碑大道上竖立第六座雕像的激烈争论几乎引发了另一场战争。这一次英雄荣誉是已故的阿瑟·阿什（Arthur Ashe），他是里士满人，以一名网球传奇人物、著名的人权运动者，更重要的是，他是一位非裔美国人。关于阿什雕像是否应该与纪念碑大道上的（白人）南方邦联英雄雕像一起建立的争论使这座城市分裂，并引发了许多有关里士满及其象征性景观的种族争论。

Arthur Ashe, the Civil War, and Monument Avenue's Racialized Landscape

As the former capital of the Confederate States of America, Richmond's landscape has the densest concentration of memorials to the Confederacy of any large Southern city, ranging from a sixty-foot-tall monument to Robert E. Lee to a downtown street named after his horse Traveller. However, of all the tributes to the Confederacy, the grandest is the city's Monument Avenue, along which statues of Confederate heroes were built in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. A century later, a National Park Service publication proclaimed Monument Avenue as “the South's grandest commemorative precinct dedicated to the heroes of the Lost Cause.”

Another war was almost caused by a vociferous debate in Richmond over erecting a sixth statue on Monument Avenue, the first in more than six decades. This time, the hero honored was to be the late Arthur Ashe, a Richmond native, a tennis legend, a noted human rights activist, and, important to this debate, an African American. The debate over whether a statue of Ashe should join those of (white) Confederate heroes on Monument Avenue divided the city and raised numerous questions concerning race in Richmond and within its symbolic landscape.

资料来源：

Schein, Richard H., ed. Landscape and race in the United States[M]. Taylor & Francis, 2006.

平台动态

三维激光扫描技术在文化遗产保护中的应用——以德格印经院为例

在国家数字战略和文化强国战略的双重视野下，数字技术赋能文化遗产保护利用对文化遗产的保护、保存、修复、研究、传播和推广具有重要意义。如何将数字技术运用到文化遗产的保护与利用工作中，使文化遗产保护与利用紧随时代科技水准和国家发展战略的脉搏，是每一位文化遗产工作者面前的重要课题。近年来，三维激光扫描技术逐渐应用于近代历史建筑及历史街区数字化保护研究领域，为文化遗产研究与保护提供了创新技术路径。研究者可通过扫描三维空间数据建立精确而完整的数字信息资料，记录历史文化遗产当前的状况并发现问题。该技术的应用可对历史文化遗产进行全面的资料收集，对手工难以测量的复杂部位进行准确扫描，同时其记录的纹理能够反映有关建筑材料、表面工艺等实际状况信息，可用于对比研究建筑材料随时间的变化特征等情况。

德格印经院坐落于四川省甘孜州德格县，地处四川与西藏交界处，海拔高度约3260m，总占地面积约5000m2，总建筑面积9000m2。德格印经院是藏式建筑的重要代表，具有极高的保护与利用价值，1996年被列入第四批全国重点文物保护单位。经国务院批准，德格印经院的雕版印刷技艺于2006年列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。目前德格印经院基本的印经功能仍在运行，也是当地重要的旅游目的地，但由于地处高原且交通不便，对其深入研究相对较少，因而关于建筑的信息资料不足。成都研究基地以德格印经院为对象进行三维激光扫描，对建筑的立面风貌、空间结构、构件形式、内部彩画等详细扫描建档，整理数字信息资料。通过数字技术收集德格印经院建筑现状信息，掌握其目前精确的建筑状态并展开深入研究，同时与后期数据比对可帮助认知历史建筑的发展变迁。将文化遗产保护与数字化技术相结合，符合国家文化创新工程的倡导，对后续研究与保护工作尤为重要。

Application of 3D Laser Scanning in Protection of Heritage Buildings:a Case Study of the Dege Scripture Printing Lamasery

Under the dual vision of the strategy of national digital and cultural power, digital technology-enabled protection and utilization of cultural heritage is of great significance to the protection, preservation, restoration, research, dissemination and promotion of cultural heritage. Therefore, how to apply digital technology to the protection and utilization of cultural heritage, so as to make the protection and utilization of cultural heritage follow the scientific and technological level of the times and the pulse of the national development strategy, is an important issue for every cultural heritage worker. In recent years, 3D laser scanning technology has been gradually applied to the research field of digital conservation of modern historical buildings and historical districts, providing an innovative technological path for cultural heritage research and conservation. By scanning 3D spatial data, researchers can create accurate and complete digital information profiles to document the current condition of historical and cultural heritage and identify problems.The application of this technology allows for comprehensive data collection of historical and cultural heritage, accurate scanning of complex parts that are difficult to measure manually, and at the same time, the recorded texture can reflect information about the actual condition of the building materials, surface technique, etc., and can be used for comparative research on the characteristics of changes in the building materials over time.

The Dege Parkhang is located in Dege County, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, at the junction of Sichuan and Tibet, with an altitude of about 3,260 m above sea level, a total land area of about 5,000 m2, and a total floor area of 9,000 m2. The Dege Parkhang is an important representative of Tibetan architecture, with a high value of preservation and utilization, and it was listed in the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units in 1996. With the approval of the State Council, the engraving and printing techniques of the Dege Parkhang were listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage in 2006. At present, the basic function of the Dege Parkhang is still in operation, and it is also an important tourist destination in the region, but due to its location on the plateau and inconvenient transportation, there are relatively few in-depth studies on it, and thus there is insufficient information about the building. Through the digital technology to collect the current information of the building of the Dege Parkhang, to grasp its current precise architectural state and carry out in-depth research, and at the same time with the later data comparison can help to cognize the development and change of the historical building. Combining cultural heritage protection with digital technology is in line with the national cultural innovation project, and is particularly important for subsequent research and protection. 

活动报道

联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会第45届扩大会议

世界遗产委员会第45届扩大会议于9月10-25日在利雅得（沙特阿拉伯）举行。

“在世界各地，我们正在动员起来，在公共政策议程中给予遗产更多重视。我们可以用《世界遗产公约》提供的几近普遍的标准为基础。自去年5月图瓦卢批准公约以来，已有195个缔约国加入。我们需要这一普遍基础及其文字和精神，以应对未来的挑战。”

——联合国教科文组织总干事阿祖莱于9月11日的致辞

The Extended 45th Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee

The Extended 45th Session of the World Heritage Committee took place in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) from the 10 to 25 of September.

“All over the world, we are mobilising to put heritage higher on the public policy agenda. We can draw on the almost universal standard-setting foundation provided by our World Heritage Convention. Since its ratification by Tuvalu last May, the Convention now has 195 States Parties. We will need this universal base, its letter and its spirit, to meet the challenges ahead.”

UNESCO Director-General, Audrey Azoulay on September 11

国际文化财产保护与修复研究中心首届亚太区域信息会议——合作观点与想法的交流

2023年6月26日，国际文化财产保护与修复研究中心（ICCROM）举办了首届亚太区域信息会议。会议聚集ICCROM成员国、合作伙伴与关注ICCROM在亚太区域开展的工作的相关人员。会议概述了ICCROM的方案和活动，同时促进了关于区域挑战与合作机会的讨论。

ICCROM总干事韦伯·恩多罗宣布会议开幕，强调了亚太地区对ICCROM的巨大意义。他说道：“我们一直在寻求新的和更好的方法来改善ICCROM对其成员国的服务，本次信息会议旨在开展对话并增加与成员国的互动，以更好地了解我们共同努力的方向并更好地为成员国的利益服务。”

First Asia-Pacific Regional Information Meeting gathers ICCROM network to exchange perspectives and ideas for collaboration

On 26 June 2023, ICCROM held its first Asia-Pacific Regional Information Meeting for our Member States, partners and those interested in our work in the region. The event provided an overview of ICCROM’s programmes and activities while facilitating discussions on regional challenges and opportunities for collaboration. 

ICCROM Director-General Webber Ndoro opened the meeting, highlighting the immense significance of the Asia-Pacific region for ICCROM. He said, We are always seeking new and better ways to improve ICCROM’s services to its Member States, which is why this informational meeting is meant to open dialogue and increase interaction with you to better understand how we can work together and better serve your interests. 

第21届国际古迹遗址理事会全体大会及科学研讨会

9月4日至8日，第21届ICOMOS全体大会及科学研讨会在澳大利亚悉尼国际会议中心举行。本次大会中，超过100个国家委员会的1400多名代表和专家学者前来参与，还同期举办了56场边会及活动。

本次会议是继2017年在印度举办的第19届会议后，首次在线下举办ICOMOS全体大会，全球学者表现出很大参会热情，科学研讨积极热烈，也激发了许多新的思考。

21st ICOMOS General Assembly and Scientific Symposium

The 21st ICOMOS General Assembly and scientific symposium occurred between 4 and 8 September 2023 at International Convention Centre in Sydney. Up to 1,400 professionals, experts and scholars from more than 100 national committees participated in the assembly, and 56 side meetings and events were held during the period.

This assembly is the first offline ICOMOS plenary since the 19th assembly held in India in 2017. Professionals from across the globe showed great enthusiasm, providing unrivalled access to high-calibre specialist knowledge and conversation and delivering a boost to innovative thoughts and ideas.

资料来源：

https://www.unesco.org/en/world-heritage/committee-2023

https://www.iccrom.org/news/first-asia-pacific-regional-information-meeting-gathers-iccrom-network-exchange-perspectives

http://www.icomoschina.org.cn/content/details57_17454.html